Chapter 8

The Two Types Of Software

Two types of software are application software and system software. Application software consists of programs that perform specific tasks for users, such as a word processing program, e-mail program, or Web browser. System software consists of the programs that control the operations of a computer and its devices. The two types of system software are operating systems and utility programs. An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that coordinate all the activities among computer hardware devices. A utility program performs a specific task, usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs.

Understand The Startup Process For A Personal Computer

Booting is the process of starting or restarting a computer. When you turn on the computer, the power supply sends an electrical signal to devices located in the system unit. The processor chip resets itself and looks for the ROM chip that contains the BIOS (basic input/output system), which is firmware that holds the startup instructions. The BIOS executes the power-on self test (POST) to make sure hardware is connected properly and operating correctly. The POST results are compared with data in a CMOS chip on the motherboard. If the POST completes successfully, the BIOS searches for specific operating system files called system files. Once located, the boot drive (the drive from which your personal computer starts), loads the system files from storage (the hard disk – usually drive C) into memory (RAM) and executes them. Next, the kernel of the operating system loads into memory and takes control of the computer. The operating system loads configuration information. In Windows XP, the registry consists of several file that contain the system configuration information. When complete, the Windows XP desktop and icons display, and programs in the StartUp folder are executed.

Discuss The Purpose Of The Following Utilities: File Viewer, File Compression, Diagnostic, Uninstaller, Disk Scanner, Disk Defragmenter, Backup, And Screen Saver

 Know The Difference Between Stand-Alone Operating Systems And Network Operating System

A stand-alone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop or notebook computer. A network operating system (also called network OS or NOS) is an operating system that supports a network. A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together via communications media and devices such as cables, telephone lines, and modems. In some networks, the server is the computer that controls access to the hardware and software on a network and provides a centralized storage area. The other computers on the network, called clients, rely on the server(s) for resources.

Chapter 7

Stand-Alone Operating System
- A complete OS that works on a desktop computer, notebook computer or mobile computing device
- Windows 10 is Microsoft's fastest, most efficient OS to date and is available in multiple editions:
Windows 10 Home
Windows 10 Pro
Windows 10 Enterprise
Windows 10 Mobile
- Windows 10 provides programs such as:
Alarms & Clock
Weather
Voice Recorder
Output
- Output is data that has been processed into a useful form
Output Device
- It is any type of hardware component that conveys information to one or more people
- Eg: Display devices, printers, speakers, headphones, earbuds, data projectors, interactive whiteboards, force-feedback game controllers, tactile output
Display Devices
- It visually conveys text, graphics and video information
- Eg: LCD monitor
- Liquid crystal display (LCD) uses a liquid compound to present information on a display device
Active-matrix display - Uses a grid of transistors and capacitors with the ability to hold charge for a limited period of time
Passive-matrix display - Uses a simple conductive grid to apply supply voltage to pixels on the display
- The quality of a LCD screen depends primarily on:
Resolution - Number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display
Response time
Brightness
Dot pitch - Distance between sub-pixels
Contrast ratio
- Graphics processing unit (GPU) controls the manipulation and display of graphics on a display device
- LCD monitors use a digital signal and should plug into DVI port, HDMI port or DisplayPort
- Plasma monitors are display devices that use gas plasma technology and offer screen sizes up to 150"
- Digital television (DTV) offers a crisper, higher quality output
- HDTV is the most advanced form of digital television
- Cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor is a desktop monitor that contains a cathode-ray tube
Printers
- Printer produces text and graphics on a physical medium
- Nonimpact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of a paper without actually striking the paper
Ink-jet printers - Forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper
Photo printers - Produces color photo-lab-quality pictures. Use ink-jet technology
Laser printers - High-speed, high-quality, color / B&W

Thermal printers - Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against the heat-sensitive paper. Eg: Thermal wax-transfer printer, dye-sublimation printer

Mobile printers - Small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows a mobile user to print from a notebook computer, smartphone or other mobile device

Label printers - Small printer that prints on adhesive-type material

Postage printers - Prints postage stamps

Plotters - Produce high-quality drawings

Large-format printers - Create photo-realistic quality color prints on a larger scale

- Multifunction peripheral (MFP) is a single device that prints, scans, copies and in some cases faxes

- Impact printers form characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper

Dot-matrix printer - Produces printed images when tiny wire pins on a print head mechanism strike an inked ribbon

Line printer - Prints an entire line at a time

Speakers, Headphones & Earbuds

- It is an audio output device produces music, speech or other sounds

- Users attach speakers to their computers to:

Generate higher-quality sounds for playing games

Interact with multimedia presentations

Listen to music

View movies

- Headphones are speakers that cover or placed outside of ear

- Earbuds rest inside ear canal

- Some speakers are specifically designed to play audio from a portable media player. Eg: Wireless speakers.

- Voice output occurs when you hear a person's voice or when the computer talks to you through the speakers

- Some website dedicate themselves to providing voice output

- Voice output often works with voice input

- VoIP uses voice output and voice input

Data Projector

- A device that takes the text and images displaying on a computer screen and projects them on a larger screen

Interactive whiteboard

- A touch-sensitive device, resembling a dry-erase board, that displays the image on a connected computer screen

Force-feedback Game Controller

- It sends resistance to the device in response to actions of the user

Tactile Output

- It provides the user with a physical response from the device

Chapter 6

• Define input and differentiate among a program, command, and user response
• Identify the keys and buttons commonly found on desktop computer keyboards, and describe how keyboards for mobile computers and devices differ from desktop computer keyboards
• Describe different mouse types
• Describe various types of touch screens and explain how a touch-sensitive pad works
• Describe various types of pen input, and identify other types of input for smart phones
• Summarize the purpose of various game controllers
• Explain how resolution affects the quality of a picture captured on a digital camera
• Describe the uses of voice recognition, Web cams, and video conferencing
• Discuss how various scanners and reading devices work
• Summarize the various biometric devices
• Discuss how POS terminals, automated teller machines, and DVD kiosks work
• Identify alternative input devices for physically challenged users

What is Input?

• Input is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer
• Instructions can be entered into the computer in the form of programs, commands, and user responses
• An input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions into a computer

What is a Keyboard?

• A keyboard is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and instructions into a computer
• Most desktop computer keyboards have between 101 and 105 keys
• Most desktop computer keyboards have a numeric keypad on the right side of the keyboard
• Most desktop computer keyboards have function keys, CTRL keys, ALT keys, and arrow keys
• The insertion point, also known as the cursor, is a symbol on the screen that indicates where the next character you type will appear
• An ergonomic keyboard has a design that reduces the chance of wrist and hand injuries
• Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of the workplace
• Keyboards on mobile devices typically are smaller and/or have fewer keys
• Some phones have predictive text input, which saves time when entering text using the phone’s keypad

What is a Pointing Device?

• A pointing device is an input device that allows a user to control a pointer on the screen
• A pointer is a small symbol on the screen whose location and shape change as a user moves a pointing device
• A mouse is a pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand comfortably
• A mouse can be wired or wireless

What is Voice Device?

• Voice input is the process of entering input by speaking into a microphone
• Voice recognition is the computer’s capability of distinguishing spoken words
• Audio input is the process of entering any sound into the computer
• Music production software allows users to record, compose, mix, and edit music and sounds
• Video input is the process of capturing full-motion images and storing them on a computer’s storage medium
• A Web cam is a type of digital video camera that enables a user to capture video and still images
• A Web cam is a type of digital video camera that enables a user to send e-mail messages with video attachments
• A Web cam is a type of digital video camera that enables a user to add live images to instant messages
• A Web cam is a type of digital video camera that enables a user to broadcast live images over the Internet
• A video conference is a meeting between two or more geographically separated people

Chapter 5

System Software

- It consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices

- Eg: Operating system (OS), utility programs

Operating System (OS)

- It is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources

- Activities such as:

Start and shut down a computer

Provide a user interface

Manage programs

Manage memory

Coordinate tasks

Configure devices

Establish an internet connection

Monitor performance

Provide utilities

Automatically update

Control a network

Administer security

OS Functions

- Booting is the process of starting or restarting a computer

- 2 types of booting:

Cold boot - Turning on a computer that has been powered off completely

Warm boot - Using the operating system to restart a computer

- A boot device is the drive from which your computer starts.

- A computer can start from a boot disk

- Boot disk is a removable digital data storage medium (CD-ROMs, USB flash drives, hard disks ) from which a computer can load and run an OS or utility program

- A recovery disc contains a few system files that will start the computer

- Recovery disc contains a backup of the original factory condition a computer as configured by an original equipment manufacturer (OEM)

- Recovery disk can also be created by an end-user which contains a favored condition of a computer

- An OS includes various shut down options:

Sleep - This mode saves any open documents and programs to RAM, turns off all unneeded functions and then places the computer in a low-power state

Hibernate - This mode saves any open documents and programs to a hard disk before removing power from the computer

- User interface controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen

- With graphical user interface (GUI), a user interacts with menus and visual images

- With command-line interface, a user uses the keyboard to enter data and instructions

- Ways an OS handles programs directly affects its productivity: 

Single use and multiuser

Single tasking and multitasking

Foreground and background

Preemptive multitasking - It works on a time sharing feature, where each process may be allocated equal shares of computing resources

Multiprocessing

- Memory management optimizes the use of RAM

- Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAM

- OS determines the order in which task are processed

- Driver is a small program that tells the OS how to communicate with a specific device

- Plug & Play automatically configures new devices as you install them

- OS typically provide a means to establish internet connections

- Performance monitor is a program that assesses and reports information about various computer resources and devices

- OS often provide users with the capability of:

Manage files

Search for files

View images

Secure a computer

Uninstall programs

Clean up disks

Defragment disks

Diagnose problems

Backup files and disks

Setting up screen savers

- Automatic update automatically provides updates to the program

- Some OS are designed to work with server on a network

- Server OS organizes and coordinates how multiple users access and share resources on a network

- A network administrator uses the server operating system to:

Add and remove users, computers and other devices

Install software and administer network security

- Each user has a user account

User ID identifies a specific user

Password is a private combination of characters associated with the user name

Store

Cortana

Microsoft Edge

- Macintosh OS has set the standard for OS ease of use

- Mac OS X is the latest version

- UNIX is a multitasking OS developed in the early 1970s

- Linux is an open-source, popular, multitasking UNIX-type OS

Server OS

Windows Server 2008

Linux

Solaris

Netware

- Windows Server 2008 is an upgrade to Windows Server 2003. Has multiple editions. Most editions include Hyper-V, a virtualization technology

- Virtualization is the practice of sharing or pooling computing resources

Embedded OS

- It resides on a ROM chip on a mobile device or consumer electronic device

- Eg: Windows Embedded CE, Windows Phone, Palm OS, iOS, BlackBerry OS, Android, Embedded Linux, Symbian OS

Utility Programs

- It is a type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks

- File manager is a utility that performs functions related to file management. It:

Display a list of files

Organise files in folders

Copy, rename, delete, move and sort files & folders

Create shortcuts

- Search utility is a program that attempts to locate a file on your computer based on criteria user specify

- Image viewer allows users to display, copy & print the contents of a graphics file

- Uninstaller removes a program, as well as any associated entries in the system files

- Disk cleanup utility searches for and removes unnecessary files, such as:

Downloaded program files

Temporary internet files

deleted files

Unused program files

- Disk defragmenter reorganizes the files and unused space an a computer's hard disk so that the OS accesses data more quickly and programs run faster

- Backup utility allows users to copy files to another storage medium

- Restore utility reverses the process and returns backed up files to their original form

- Screen saver causes a display device's screen to show a moving image or blank screen if no activity occurs for a specified time

- Personal firewall detects and protects a personal computer from unauthorized intrusions

- Virus describes a potentially damaging computer program that affects a computer negatively

- Worm copies itself repeatedly in memory or over a network

- Torjan horse hides within or looks like a legitimate program

- Antivirus program protects a computer against viruses

Chapter 4

• Differentiate among various styles of system units on desktop computers, notebook computers, and mobile devices
• Identify chips, adapter cards, and other components of a motherboard
• Describe the control unit and arithmetic logic unit components of a processor, and explain the four steps in a machine cycle
• Identify characteristics of various personal computer processors on the market today, and describe the ways processors are cooled
• Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data
• Explain how program instructions transfer in and out of memory
• Differentiate among the various types of memory
• Describe the purpose and types of expansion slots and adapter cards, and differentiate among slots for various removable flash memory devices
• Differentiate between a port and a connector, and explain the differences among a USB port, FireWire port, Bluetooth port, SCSI port, eSATA port, IrDA port, serial port, and MIDI port
• Describe the types of buses in a computer
• Explain the purpose of a power supply and describe how it keeps cool
• Understand how to clean a system unit on a computer or mobile device

What is a System Unit ? 

• The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data
• The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes Drive Bay(s), Power Supply, Sound Card, Video Card, Processor, Memory.
• The main circuit board of the system unit is Motherboard
• A computer chip contains integrated circuits

What is Processor ?

• The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer
• Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
• The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

What is Memory?

• Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data
• Stores three basic categories of items. Example [The operating system and other system software, Application programs, Data being processed and the resulting information]
• Each location in memory has an address
• Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)
• The system unit contains two types of memory which are Volatile memory and Nonvolatile memory

1. Volatile memory - Loses its contents when power is turned off. Example includes RAM
2. Nonvolatile memory - Does not lose contents when power is removed. Examples include ROM, flash memory, and CMOS

There are some type of basic types of RAM chips exist

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Static RAM (SRAM)

Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM)

1/9/16

juz finish chapter 2 today
i learn internert what i use many year but dont know what is it@@
these are what i learn in chapter 2:
i)identify a URL
ii)describe the types of Web pages
iii)recognize Web pages
iv)explain how e-mail,FTP,chat room,chat and instant messaging work
v)coming soon~

ms wan suddenly tell us today is her birthday,then we sing the happy birthday song to ms immediately,its fun and happy today✧٩(ˊωˋ*)و✧

30/8/16

its raining today,so i miss the class after i trying to go school( ºΔº )〣